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Market Microstructure & Execution·Limit Order Book Mechanics

Anatomy of the Order Book

10 min read

Two queues meeting in the middle

A limit order book is a live ledger of resting limit orders at each price level on both sides of the market. Bids (buy orders) sit on the left, descending in price; asks (sell orders) sit on the right, ascending. The best bid is the highest someone is willing to pay; the best ask is the lowest someone is willing to sell at. The gap between them is the spread.

EUR/USDL2 snapshot
Bid PriceSize
  • 1.08212
  • 1.08198
  • 1.081822
  • 1.08175
  • 1.081618
Ask PriceSize
  • 1.08219
  • 1.082214
  • 1.08236
  • 1.082425
  • 1.082511
Mid 1.0821Spread 0.0001
EUR/USD with a 1-pip spread. Touching ('hitting') the best ask buys at 1.0821; sitting on a 1.0820 bid waits for someone to cross.
Tip

Maker vs. taker

When you post a limit order at the best price and it sits, you're a maker — adding liquidity. When you cross the spread to fill immediately, you're a taker — removing liquidity. Most venues rebate makers and charge takers; net liquidity flow is what they price.